Cave D.
@dr_cave · Joined January 4, 2016
I have a BS in Chemistry.
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Nothing really happens to the phosphors if the glow in the dark toys are just sitting in the dark. They don’t degrade simply by being stored without light. The phosphor molecules are stable at room temperature. The only thing is (since they’re not being “charged” by light) they won’t glow when you pull them out. But once you expose them again to a light source, they’ll recharge and glow just as before. So no harm done.
You can leave the toy under fluorescent light tbh. Over years of repeated exposure, though, there can be some gradual degradation. UV light in particular can slowly break down the crystal structure or the polymer that binds the phosphor to the toy. But for a plush kept indoors under a fluorescent bulb, it’s almost a negligible process. It will take years before you’d notice dimmer glow.
On Earth, nucleic acids are what codes our genetics. DNA and RNA. For any extra-terrestrial non-carbon based genetic material, if we have to identify the genetic material by existing strategy, your objective will be to identify what subcellular element of the cell that is responsible for transformation. So the likely way to do that is by performing your own version of a transformation experiment based on the chemical nature of the targeted genetic material.
Speciation is what you are looking for. The idea is that both the lock and key in your analogy gets shaped over time through the processes associated with evolution.
If a sperm from a different species (example – lion) fertilizes the egg of another species (example – tiger), it may form an offspring (liger). But there is no guarantee that it could create offsprings if it were to be bred within the liger population. But over time, with evolution and natural adaptation, the species can either attain their fitness or go extinct.
But naturally, speciation occurs when a population of a species gets separated and a genetic drift occurs. For example, if they get separated geographically when they are in isolation, the population could develop traits and variations in their genetic structure over generations. And through natural selection, they diverge into an entirely new species. This is known as allotropic speciation.
This could happen even without isolation too. They are called sympatric speciation and they happen due to various factor causing a genetic drift within a population.
When you take the time into account, the diversity in species would make sense in the evolutionary sense.
If it is about the core, you could take a reasonable stab at the composition with available spectral data. With a little more information like the mass of the planet, it is marginally safe to make assumptions about the planet’s core.
It is called spectroscopy. All objects in this universe give out a spectrum of light. On Earth, we have analyzed and categorized all such spectrum for different chemical elements. Astronomers analyze the spectrum of the planet to decide what the planet is made of.
Appreciate your question! Earth’s rotation is slowing down. I hope you get this part. Now think about this. If the earth slows down, where would the angular momentum of the earth go? Of course, to the massive object that is being pulled towards the earth. There it is! The angular momentum gets added to the moon by the acceleration due to the impulse (pull) the moon experiences.
If the earth’s orbit is affected, then the moon’s orbit will be affected too. Moon is actually drifting away at 3.8 cm per year rate. This is however due to the tidal effects on the earth due to moon’s gravity. Such effects causes earth to bulge at its surface (causing tides) on both ends. But as the earth has larger water and it rotates faster than the moon, the bulge recedes a little compared to the crust. The water mass then exerts a pull on the moon and accelerates it. The moon now steals the earth’s energy and angular momentum here and goes to a slightly higher orbit. The moon’s gravity in turn pulls on the bulge and creates a friction to slow down the earth’s rotation. If you further read about the tidal forces between Earth, Moon and Sun and you will understand this better. This will be a good start.
The audio is transmitted as it is! Most broadcasts have digital transmission that syncs the audio.
I’m not sure about your question. If you are asking about the position of Earth right now, the answer is both. Earth’s orbit is elliptical. So the earth moves closer to the sun at its orbit’s perihelion (closest point) and away from sun at the aphelion(farthest point). Right now, the earth is approaching towards its aphelion.
Earth is about 147.1 million kilometers from the Sun at perihelion in early January, in contrast to about 152.1 million kilometers at aphelion in early July.
If your question is about the orbital drift, the answer is yes, the earth is getting away from sun, but very slowly. At the sun’s core, the nuclear fusion is constantly converting the mass of the sun into energy. As this happens over a period of time, the sun will lose mass and eventually affect the earth’s orbit by expanding it. A rough estimate is around 1.5 to 2cm per year.
I’m sure you are wise enough to realize that your question regarding a black hole is a super high level scientific speculation. As far as it is speculated and theorized, a typical Lorentzian wormhole would need exotic matters to sustain the wormhole. The spaghettification and the highly impossible existence of a white hole on the other side makes it unidirectional.
Theoretically, it is possible! There are two caveats though! One, it will be a unidirectional travel. Two, you WILL be spaghettified whatsoever. Possibly a third one… You will end up somewhere else!
The question should not have raised in you if you have understood the uncertainty principle. Read about ‘orbitals’ and you will find yourself answering your question in an enlightening way.
Interesting question! This is indeed a highly researched topic in recent years. Don’t know much about Magnetites than you already know, but as far as I know, most of the magnetoreception is attributed to a certain photoreceptors in our eyes called Cryptochrome. The problem with this is the humans don’t have a proper receptor to enable the magnetosensing in them like in the birds. Unless we activate those receptors somehow, we can’t sense magnetic fields naturally. I think you will hardly find any better answer other than this. Wait up for better answers!
If your goal is to survive the next earthquake, you will need better pets.
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So what makes you an expert in this?
Thank you for sharing the link. I followed the citation tables and read about some researches on this subject. There has been a good amount of observational studies in this area since the 1975 Haicheng earthquake predictions. But in most of the findings, human interventions had made it hard to make a clear distinction between a seismic escape response and a normal predatory instinct. Such clear distinctions are only possible if these behavioral patterns are observed closely in different environments. Not so many are into this though.
Appreciate your answer @joeven. I think you missed the part about magnetoreception in birds and animals. Birds like pigeons have an impeccable magnetoreceptive capabilities! Even the tiniest anomaly in their usual nav or sleep cycle will annoy the bejesus out of them. What’s there to change the magnetic field? Perhaps the P-wave! Or a hurricane… A volcanic eruption… Worth looking into it.
Yes, I have read about this. Thioacetone is famously known for shutting down an entire city long time ago.
Interesting question!
This can occur only in certain cases where the chemical concentration is so volatile enough to cause some irritating sensations in your nasal canal. In most of the cases, the strong odors will simply turn off the olfactory sensors by saturating it until it cuts off signals to brain. But there are strong odorous compounds that will not only inhibit your sense of smell, but also cause several physical trauma. Beyond 10ppm, Hydrogen sulfide is one such toxic gas that will inhibit the sense of smell at first and target your nervous system totally. Anhydrous acetic acids, ammonia, the infamous Selenophenol are some other stuffs that would do a considerable damage in you.
If you dig deep, you would definitely find the naming arbitrary. For intermediate levels, you can agree with the definition based on the presence of Carbon and Hydrogen bonds. Note that Carbon Dioxide is a common exception.
There is not a clear definition available on either cases. As it is mentioned above, the naturally occurring compounds in living organisms are usually called as Organic compounds. This is vague in many cases, but almost true to cover the definition of ‘organic’.
But Glynn’s definition of ‘inorganic compound’ is too ambiguous. There are non-synthesized compounds inside inorganic classes too. A simple example is Water (H2O). There is no Carbon in it. You can even synthesize an organic compound from inorganic reactants.